# Poster Contributions

For each poster contribution there will be one poster wall (width: 97 cm, height: 250 cm) available. Please do not feel obliged to fill the whole space. Posters can be put up for the full duration of the event.

### Climate network analysis of regional precipitation extremes - the true story told by event synchronization

Donner, Reik

(Authors: Adrian Odenweller, Reik V. Donner) Over the last decade, complex network methods have been frequently used for characterizing spatio-temporal patterns of climate variability from a complex systems perspective, yielding new insights into time-dependent teleconnectivity patterns and couplings between different components of the Earth climate. Among the foremost results reported, network analyses of the synchronicity of extreme events as captured by the so-called event synchronization have been proposed to be powerful tools for disentangling the spatio-temporal organization of particularly extreme rainfall events and anticipating the timing of monsoon onsets or extreme floodings. Rooted in the analysis of spike train synchrony analysis in the neurosciences, event synchronization has the great advantage of automatically classifying pairs of events arising at two distinct spatial locations as temporally close (and, thus, possibly statistically -- or even dynamically -- interrelated) or not without the necessity of selecting an additional parameter in terms of a maximally tolerable delay between these events. This consideration is conceptually justified in case of the original application to spike trains in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, where the inter-spike intervals show relatively narrow distributions at high temporal sampling rates. However, in case of climate studies, precipitation extremes defined by daily precipitation sums exceeding a certain empirical percentile of their local distribution exhibit a distinctively different type of distribution of waiting times between subsequent events. This raises conceptual concerns if event synchronization is still appropriate for detecting interlinkages between spatially distributed precipitation extremes. In order to study this problem in more detail, we employ event synchronization together with an alternative similarity measure for event sequences, event coincidence rates, which requires a manual setting of the tolerable maximum delay between two events to be considered potentially related. Both measures are then used to generate climate networks from parts of the satellite-based TRMM precipitation data set at daily resolution covering the Indian and East Asian monsoon domains, respectively, thereby re-analysing previously published results. The obtained spatial patterns of degree densities and local clustering coefficients exhibit marked differences between both similarity measures. Specifically, we demonstrate that there exists a strong relationship between the fraction of extremes occurring at subsequent days and the degree density in the event synchronization based networks, suggesting that the spatial patterns obtained using this approach are strongly affected by the presence of serial dependencies between events. Given that a manual selection of the maximally tolerable delay between two events can be guided by a priori climatological knowledge and even used for systematic testing of different hypotheses on climatic processes underlying the emergence of spatio-temporal patterns of extreme precipitation, our results provide evidence that event coincidence rates are a more appropriate statistical characteristic for similarity assessment and network construction for climate extremes, while results based on event synchronization need to be interpreted with great caution.

### Deviations from a general nonlinear wind balance: Local and zonal-mean perspectives

Gassmann, Almut

The talk introduces the active wind as the deviation from a general local wind balance, the inactive wind. The inactive wind is directed along intersection lines of Bernoulli function and potential temperature surfaces. In climatological steady state, the inactive mass flux cannot participate in net-mass fluxes, because the mean position of the mentioned intersection lines does not change. A conceptual proximity of the zonal-mean active wind to the residual wind as occurring in the transformed Eulerian mean equations suggests itself. The zonal- and time-mean active wind is compared to the residual wind for the Held-Suarez test case. Similarities occur for the meridional components in the zone of Rossby wave breaking in the upper troposphere equatorward of the jet. The vertical components are similar, too. However, the vertical active wind is much stronger in the baroclinic zone. This is due to the missing vertical eddy flux of Ertel's potential vorticity (EPV) in the TEM equations. The largest differences are to be found in the boundary layer, where the active wind exhibits typical pattern of Ekman dynamics. Instantaneous active wind vectors demonstrate mass-inflow for lows and mass-outflow for highs in the boundary layer. An active meridional wind is associated with a filamentation of EPV in the zone of Rossby wave breaking in about 300 hPa. Strong gradients of EPV act as a transport barrier.

### Modelling large-scale atmospheric flow using a mixture of local linear empirical models

Kwasniok, Frank

Linear inverse modelling is a well-established technique in the atmospheric and climate sciences. An empirical linear model is estimated from data, augmented with additive or multiplicative stochastic noise, and used for prediction or simulation purposes. This contribution extends this approach to nonlinear inverse modelling by combining several empirical linear models locally in state space. The technique harnesses nonlinear correlations as state-dependent means and covariances. Also the noise terms are local, amounting to multiplicative noise. Three different methods for defining the localisation are considered: (i) a cluster-weighted model, linking the local models to clusters in state space; (ii) a Markov-switching model; and (iii) a model based on nearest-neighbour localisation. Model parameter estimation is still simple, stable and computationally inexpensive. The method is exemplified on a data set from the NCAR CCM0 atmospheric general circulation model. The analysis is performed in the space of the leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs); principal prediction patterns (PPPs) are also considered, defined as the modes best predicted under a linear model. Both deterministic and probabilistic forecasts as well as long-term simulations are evaluated. Nonlinear inverse modelling is shown to considerably outperform the more traditional linear inverse modelling.

### Fluctuations of the Lyapunov exponents in extended chaotic systems

López, Juan Manuel

Finite-time Lyapunov exponents of generic chaotic dynamical systems fluctuate in time. These fluctuations are due to the different degree of stability across the accessible phase-space. An earlier numerical study[1] revealed that the diffusion coefficient $D$ of the Lyapunov exponents (LEs) exhibits a non-trivial scaling behaviour, $D(L) \sim L^{-\gamma}$, with the system size $L$. For chaotic dissipative systems, we show that the wandering exponent $\gamma$ can be expressed in terms of the kinetic roughening exponents associated with the corresponding (logarithm of the) Covariant Lyapunov Vector (CLV) via the universal scaling relation. Our theoretical predictions are supported by the numerical analysis of several spatially-extended systems[2]. In particular, we find that the wandering exponent of the first LE is universal and connected to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. Furthermore, our simulations reveal that the bulk of the spectrum belongs to a different, but possibly unique, universality class. In all cases, the fluctuation exponent $\gamma_n$ of the $n$-th LE is connected to the $n$-th CLV surface via $\gamma_n = z_n-2\alpha_n$, in agreement with our theory. In contrast, in generic Hamiltonian lattices the diffusion coefficient of the maximum Lyapunov exponent diverges in the thermodynamic limit[3]. We trace the divergence back to the long-range correlations associated with the evolution of the hydrodynamic modes. In the case of normal heat transport, the divergence is even stronger. A similar scenario is expected to arise in the evolution of rough interfaces in the presence of a suitably correlated background noise. [1] P.~V. Kuptsov and A. Politi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 114101 (2011). [2] D. Paz\'o, J.M. L\'opez, and A. Politi, Phys. Rev. E 87, 062909 (2013). [3]D. Paz\'o, J.M. L\'opez, and A. Politi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 034101 (2016).

### Development of a statistical daily precipitation model and its application to precipitation records

von Bomhard, Philipp