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Molecular structure and chemical bonding determine the dynamic pathways of molecules in their multidimensional landscapes and hence define the outcome of chemical reactions. Characterizing structure and bonding in short-lived reaction intermediates and transient states of molecules during chemical reactions is hence the key to understanding chemical selectivity. Free electron lasers offer a unique approach to the atomic-scale chemical dynamics as they allow for the first time for a complete mapping of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules during chemical reactions. Time-resolved femtosecond soft x-ray spectroscopy in particular promises to reveal chemical bonding both in real time of the reaction and from the atomís perspective in an element-selective way. Here we present our time-resolved soft x-ray view of molecular dissociation reactions both in the gas phase and in solution. Opportunities with non-linear two color x-ray methods and with stimulated x-ray emission and inelastic x-ray scettering in particular will be discussed.
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